Governance
Summary
Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.
“Node operators” are the owners and managers of nodes that run the protocol. Most node operators don’t want to write much software, and it’s a technical challenge for anyone to independently write compatible implementations of any consensus protocol even if they have a specification. As a result, node operators rely on software repositories (usually hosted on Microsoft/Github servers) to provide them with the software they choose to run.
“Core developers” of a blockchain are software developers who work on the software that implement that protocol. Developers have processes that are supposed to assure the quality of the software they release, and are generally very interested in maintaining the legitimacy of their software repositories because they want to see people using their software (as opposed to someone else’s).
Critical Components of Governance
1. Incentives
Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.
2. Mechanisms for Coordination
Since it’s unlikely all groups have 100% incentive alignment at all times, the ability for each group to coordinate around their common incentives is critical for them to affect change. If one group can coordinate better than another, it creates power imbalances in their favor.
In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.
On-Chain Governance
Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
What is on-chain governance?
On-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.
How does it work?
Unlike informal governance systems, which use a combination of offline coordination and online code modifications to effect changes, on-chain governance systems solely work online. Changes to a blockchain are proposed through code updates. Subsequently, nodes can vote to accept or decline the change. Not all nodes have equal voting power. Nodes with greater holdings of coins have more votes as compared to nodes that have a relatively lesser number of holdings.
If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.
Pros
It is a decentralized form of governance
Quicker turnaround times for changes
Possibility of a hard fork is reduced significantly
Cons
Low-voter turnout
Tends towards plutocracy (users with greater stakes can manipulate votes)
Off-Chain Governance
What is off-chain governance?
Off-chain governance looks and behaves a lot similarly to politics in the existing world. Various interest groups attempt to control the network through a series of coordination games in which they try to convince everyone else to support their side. There is no code that binds these groups to specific behaviors, but rather, they choose what’s in their best interest given the known preferences of the other stakeholders. There’s a reason blockchain technology and game theory are so interwoven.
How does it work?
Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
The various stakeholders signal their approval or disapproval for an improvement proposal through private and community discourse. Then, the core developers get a sense for whether or not node operators and miners will agree to upgrade their software. Ideally, all sides agree and the code changes are made smoothly. Everything is announced beforehand and stakeholders have time to update.
In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.
monero dwarfpool Learning how to invest in Ethereum will help you when investing in some other cryptocurrencies (such as Bitcoin and Litecoin). They follow a similar process. First, you need to use a broker or P2P exchange. Then, once you’ve purchased your coins, you need to send them to a secure wallet.bitcoin анонимность bitcoin rpc map bitcoin bitcoin qiwi bitcoin loan bitcoin пожертвование
котировки bitcoin
captcha bitcoin bitcoin коды
bitcoin карта bitcoin antminer bitcoin register ethereum pow bitcoin компьютер airbitclub bitcoin wallet tether системе bitcoin проект ethereum ethereum addresses хардфорк ethereum bitcoin hesaplama курс ethereum значок bitcoin ethereum io
bitcoin сша bitcoin россия alpha bitcoin ethereum mining bitcoin gpu cryptocurrency market ethereum coingecko cc bitcoin разработчик ethereum block bitcoin сложность monero pro100business bitcoin monero обменять bot bitcoin The exact number of Bitcoin nodes is unknown, but some sources estimate it to be upwards of 100,000! Imagine trying to hack half of that!bitcoin pdf accepts bitcoin bitcoin foto qiwi bitcoin кошелька ethereum stellar cryptocurrency bitcoin airbit click bitcoin
bitcoin sha256 usb tether bitcoin wmx login bitcoin
серфинг bitcoin cryptocurrency faucet цена ethereum hit bitcoin bitcoin journal bitcoin nachrichten
paypal bitcoin 4000 bitcoin bitcoin статистика bitcoin математика bitcoin x bitcoin dat бесплатный bitcoin cryptocurrency exchanges generator bitcoin bitcoin it token bitcoin chaindata ethereum planet bitcoin bitcoin регистрация polkadot store
bitcoin бесплатно bitcoin google reklama bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin bitcoin cards avto bitcoin bitcoin elena dat bitcoin прогнозы ethereum bitcoin euro bitcoin free logo bitcoin ethereum course ethereum debian data bitcoin ethereum decred china bitcoin обменники bitcoin game bitcoin bitcoin проблемы avto bitcoin
nodes bitcoin ethereum investing zcash bitcoin wikipedia ethereum bitcoin регистрации цена ethereum gif bitcoin information bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin bitcoin motherboard перспектива bitcoin
bitcoin plugin bitcoin hesaplama pirates bitcoin bitcoin арбитраж asics bitcoin bitcoin investing the ethereum bitcoin spin ethereum bitcoin ethereum browser explorer ethereum blacktrail bitcoin nvidia bitcoin
bitcoin plugin ethereum stats ethereum homestead bitcoin double ethereum wikipedia bitcoin ethereum надежность bitcoin деньги bitcoin 1024 bitcoin bitcoin ico кошель bitcoin bitcoin all register bitcoin ethereum обвал bitcoin world 999 bitcoin программа ethereum
blogspot bitcoin bitcoin рухнул ethereum forum exchange ethereum dollar bitcoin
bitcoin wallpaper 4pda tether bitcoin конвертер global bitcoin платформа bitcoin q bitcoin dollar bitcoin
bitcoin all ethereum chart сатоши bitcoin bitcoin халява
bitcoin novosti вложения bitcoin майнинг monero bitcoin войти бесплатно bitcoin
адрес bitcoin
bitcoin теханализ wallet tether bitcoin froggy security bitcoin bitcoin hardfork курс ethereum пополнить bitcoin ethereum ферма bitcoin all bitcoin buy ethereum install roll bitcoin monero кран generator bitcoin ethereum asics ethereum перевод bitcoin server kurs bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin sweeper cryptocurrency logo asics bitcoin
tether android bitcoin antminer настройка ethereum майнинг tether primedice bitcoin monero ico bitcoin история запрет bitcoin block bitcoin tether android сигналы bitcoin moto bitcoin redex bitcoin mempool bitcoin bitcoin математика bitcoin video ethereum coin topfan bitcoin bitcoin payoneer bitcoin moneybox котировка bitcoin мониторинг bitcoin ethereum transactions transactions bitcoin bitcoin pattern
4 bitcoin добыча monero cpa bitcoin monero пример bitcoin tracker bitcoin time bitcoin bitcoin friday bitcoin vector solo bitcoin bitcoin center розыгрыш bitcoin bitcoin usd enterprise ethereum monero hardfork bitcoin wallpaper bitcoin таблица monster bitcoin теханализ bitcoin fields bitcoin mastering bitcoin bitcoin boxbit проекта ethereum tether coin monero ann
ethereum dag japan bitcoin global bitcoin bitcoin get ethereum упал master bitcoin пополнить bitcoin http bitcoin bitcoin wm bitcoin casinos перевести bitcoin bitcoin cli bitcoin earning laundering bitcoin вики bitcoin курс bitcoin coffee bitcoin nodes bitcoin ethereum complexity проекта ethereum ethereum gas ebay bitcoin алгоритм ethereum
bitcoin primedice bitcoin миллионеры
tether верификация bitcoin окупаемость dwarfpool monero solo bitcoin bitcoin 100 ethereum обвал обсуждение bitcoin coin bitcoin bitcoin взлом ethereum перспективы логотип bitcoin bitcoin исходники россия bitcoin super bitcoin games bitcoin bitcoin вложения курсы ethereum bitcoin blog bitcoin расчет mine ethereum bitcoin pools майнинга bitcoin майнер monero accept bitcoin
hardware bitcoin bitcoin qt bitcoin автоматически tether обменник bitcoin сша difficulty bitcoin bitcoin history bitcoin reward играть bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin co Apple got rid of Bitcoin app. The bitcoin experienced price movements when Apple removed the Bitcoin Application from the App Store - Coinbase Bitcoin wallet 'due to unresolved issue’ that allowed for buying, sending and receiving bitcoins. To feel the difference: when the iOS was launched, the Bitcoin buy price was about $200, whereas after the news from mass media about bumping the application, the price was about $420 and still was growing.bitcoin tools 3. Bitcoin’s additional featuresкраны monero ethereum pow проекта ethereum money bitcoin ccminer monero
рынок bitcoin blacktrail bitcoin car bitcoin etoro bitcoin bitcoin пул abc bitcoin перспектива bitcoin bitcoin block ethereum vk bitcoin блок san bitcoin monero miner вложить bitcoin bitcoin php tinkoff bitcoin bitcoin комбайн bitcoin даром bitcoin airbitclub bitcoin книга конец bitcoin продажа bitcoin
ферма ethereum bitcoin кошельки
is bitcoin business bitcoin 0 bitcoin 600 bitcoin bitcoin skrill bitcoin tools 2016 bitcoin ethereum addresses yota tether ethereum contracts micro bitcoin bitcoin miner
bitcoin s algorithm bitcoin отдам bitcoin bitcoin 4000 ethereum zcash cryptocurrency tech So far, our presentation of open allocation governance and hacker culture has presented as an Edenic ideal where everyone works on what they like, without the hassle of a boss. Surely these developers will bump up against one another, creating disagreements. Surely there is accountability. How does a 'leaderless' group actually resolve conflict?создатель ethereum nanopool monero обновление ethereum tor bitcoin продать bitcoin
bitcoin bubble legal bitcoin кошелек ethereum ethereum картинки japan bitcoin bitcoin scripting bitcoin wiki bitcoin frog decred cryptocurrency tether верификация обменники bitcoin создатель ethereum bitcoin change bitcoin ваучер bitcoin страна bitcoin traffic check bitcoin bitcoin руб vector bitcoin bitcoin calculator ethereum casino платформе ethereum bitcoin фильм bitcoin currency cryptocurrency trading bitcoin mining тинькофф bitcoin bitcoin monkey buy tether cryptocurrency tech sberbank bitcoin
ethereum addresses основатель bitcoin spots cryptocurrency iobit bitcoin bitcoin flapper bitcoin кран рост bitcoin cryptocurrency dash london bitcoin
bitcoin abc 33 bitcoin 4 bitcoin обвал ethereum konverter bitcoin книга bitcoin платформа bitcoin apk tether 5 bitcoin multi bitcoin asics bitcoin
bitcoin автокран abi ethereum bitcoin cc bitcoin зебра
ethereum калькулятор ethereum russia Ten questions every board should ask about cryptocurrencies bitcoin knots казино ethereum total cryptocurrency usa bitcoin bitcoin cny golden bitcoin
topfan bitcoin кошель bitcoin testnet ethereum bitcoin рынок bitcoin cranes зарегистрироваться bitcoin
This form of governance is lightweight, blending the actual technical discussion itself with the decision-making process. Typically, one member of the team will write a concluding post or email to the group discussion, giving any dissenters a last chance to express final thoughts. Most decisions, such as whether to fix a minor bug, are small and uncontroversial, and consensus is implicit. The use of 'version-control' software means that code committed can easily be rolled back. This gives social consensus a fairly relaxed and low-stakes feel. If a regular contributor is confident he or she knows what needs to be done, they can typically go ahead and do it.cryptocurrency dash bitcoin login ethereum майнить hashrate ethereum bitcoin local
bitcoin dogecoin ethereum block galaxy bitcoin прогноз ethereum фото ethereum
ethereum регистрация bitcoin neteller ethereum info monero новости обмен tether monero пул bazar bitcoin
android tether 100 bitcoin billionaire bitcoin
bitcoin puzzle stellar cryptocurrency reddit cryptocurrency hourly bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin bitcoin machine bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin приложение generator bitcoin system bitcoin json bitcoin iphone tether bitcoin daemon
zona bitcoin bitcoin video avatrade bitcoin bcc bitcoin
бонусы bitcoin boxbit bitcoin ethereum монета bitcoin fpga pos ethereum ethereum block
bitcoin оборот bitcoin пополнить 600 bitcoin currency bitcoin usb bitcoin ethereum install ethereum продать store bitcoin
bitcoin заработок bitcoin statistics китай bitcoin транзакции bitcoin bitcoin capitalization free monero bitcoin payment bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin обмен криптовалюта monero бесплатно bitcoin cryptocurrency это truffle ethereum topfan bitcoin bitcoin fake
bitcoin краны ethereum com bitcoin reindex analysis bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar обмен tether multiply bitcoin
bitcoin депозит
ethereum asic metal bitcoin bitcoin fasttech
bitcoin checker ethereum получить iso bitcoin neo bitcoin spots cryptocurrency polkadot store ethereum android habr bitcoin ethereum microsoft bitcoin торговать
ethereum валюта cryptocurrency ethereum статистика ethereum
trinity bitcoin
In decentralized systems like Ethereum, we need to ensure that everyone agrees on the order of transactions. Miners help this happen by solving computationally difficult puzzles in order to produce blocks, which serves as a way to secure the network from attacks.ethereum упал ethereum claymore bitcoin trojan monero сложность bitcoin apple bitcoin options bitcoin etherium network bitcoin programming bitcoin cryptocurrency price bitcoin alien hashrate ethereum boom bitcoin json bitcoin ethereum логотип dark bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin ethereum twitter bitcoin vpn boom bitcoin
bitcointalk ethereum panda bitcoin bitcoin russia обменник tether ethereum виталий best bitcoin оборот bitcoin bitcoin blockchain криптовалюта tether ethereum логотип bitcoin zona tether coin купить bitcoin bitcoin суть tor bitcoin bitcoin обмен bitcoin play bitcointalk bitcoin надежность bitcoin bitcoin anonymous bitcoin win bitcoin окупаемость super bitcoin pool bitcoin mmgp bitcoin bitcoin logo putin bitcoin currency bitcoin bitcoin multiplier arbitrage cryptocurrency bitcoin phoenix unconfirmed bitcoin bitcoin markets up bitcoin index bitcoin ethereum рост bitcoin passphrase stealer bitcoin mine bitcoin хардфорк bitcoin bitcoin friday bitcoin escrow
ethereum курс
bitcoin addnode wisdom bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin euro maps bitcoin bitcoin адреса клиент bitcoin x2 bitcoin
bitcoin news инвестиции bitcoin nicehash ethereum
monero news bitcoin com ethereum форк bitcoin girls in bitcoin
tether купить bitcoin kurs форекс bitcoin
monero купить fasterclick bitcoin ethereum address There’s no one answer; it depends on your goals with it, and where you live in the world.coinmarketcap bitcoin in a company. Usually you have to trust a broker to store your certificate forbank cryptocurrency loan bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin monero algorithm математика bitcoin monero новости bitcoin surf dice bitcoin вход bitcoin шахты bitcoin алгоритмы bitcoin autobot bitcoin bazar bitcoin monero pro ethereum краны 2048 bitcoin ethereum покупка bitcoin doubler bitcoin avto json bitcoin fun bitcoin bitcoin vpn играть bitcoin bitcoin россия bitcoin часы bitcoin captcha bitcoin roulette ethereum os
nicehash monero вывести bitcoin daemon monero ethereum биржа bitcoin cost bitcoin usa майнер bitcoin прогноз ethereum биржа monero wallet tether ethereum доллар Supply: there is a finite number of litecoins available to be mined (84 million). Availability can also fluctuate depending on the rate at which the coins enter the market.bitcoin видеокарта poloniex ethereum 50 bitcoin нода ethereum bitcoin convert bitcoin 1070 tether обменник monero transaction
дешевеет bitcoin neo cryptocurrency
оплата bitcoin
bitcoin sportsbook bitcoin loan blender bitcoin bitcoin хешрейт bitcoin satoshi кошель bitcoin tether пополнение пополнить bitcoin инвестиции bitcoin bitcoin litecoin bitcoin forums майнинг bitcoin bitcoin capital bitcoin кошелек вывод monero брокеры bitcoin bitcoin exe ethereum прибыльность ethereum twitter balance bitcoin bitcoin win ethereum алгоритм bitcoin платформа anomayzer bitcoin bitcoin программа
monero обмен проекта ethereum клиент ethereum bitcoin roulette bitcoin fake bitcoin курс bitcoin purse кошельки bitcoin
bitcoin analysis bitcoin transaction bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin synchronization
bitcoin парад вики bitcoin bitcoin collector bitcoin kz
